Rebirth

Content

Where does man come from and where is he going?

How does the mind go from one body to another?

Is one always reborn as a human being?

What decides where will be reborn?

You have talked a lot about rebirth but is there any proof that we are reborn when we die?

Some people might say that the so-called ability to remember former lives is the work of devils.

You say that talk about rebirth a bit superstitious also?

Well, have there been any scientist who believe in rebirth?

Q: Where does man come from and where is he going?

A: Buddhism offers an explanation of where man came from and where he is going. When we die, the mind, with all the tendencies, preferences, abilities and characteristics that have been developed and conditioned in this life, re-establishes itself in a fertilized egg. Thus the individual grows, is reborn and develops a personality conditioned both by the mental characteristics that have been carried over and by the new environment. The personality will change and be modified by conscious effort and conditioning factors like education, parental influence and society and once again at death, re-establish itself in a new fertilized egg. This process of dying and being reborn will continue until the conditions that cause it, craving and ignorance, cease. When they do, instead of being reborn, the mind attains a state called Nirvana and this is the ultimate goal of Buddhism and the purpose of life.

Q: How does the mind go from one body to another?

A: Think of being like radio waves. The radio waves, which are not made up of words and music but energy at different frequencies, are transmitted, travel through space, are attracted to and picked up by the receiver from where they are broadcast as words and music. It is the same with the mind. At death, mental energy travels through space, is attracted to and picked up by the fertilized egg. As the embryo grows, it centres itself in the brain from where it later "broadcasts" itself as the new personality.

Q: Is one always reborn as a human being?

A: No, there are several realms in which one can be reborn. Some people are reborn in heaven, some are reborn in hell, some are reborn as hungry ghosts and so on. Heaven is not a place but a state of existence where one has a subtle body and where the mind experiences mainly pleasure. Like all conditioned states, heaven is impermanent and when one's life span there is finished, one could well be reborn again as human. Hell, likewise, is not a place but a state of existence where one has a subtle body and where the mind experiences mainly anxiety and distress. Being hungry ghost, again, is a state of existence where the body is subtle and where the mind is continually plagued by longing and dissatisfaction.

So heavenly beings experience mainly pleasure, hell beings and ghosts experience mainly pain and human beings experience usually a mixture of both. So the main difference between the human realm and other realms is the body type and the quality of experience.

Q: What decides where will be reborn?

A: The most important factor, but not the only one, influencing where we will be reborn and what sort of life we shall have, is kamma. The word kamma means 'action' and refers to our intentional mental actions. In other words, what we are is determined very much by how we have thought and acted in the past. Likewise, how we think and act now will influence how we will be in the future.

The gentle, loving type of person tends to be reborn in a heaven realm or as a human being who has predominance of pleasant experiences. The anxious, worried or extremely cruel type of person tends to be reborn in a hell realm or as a human being who has a predominance of painful experiences. the person who develops obsessive craving, fierce longings, and burning amditions that can never be satisfied tends to be reborn as a hungry ghost or as a human being frustrated by longing and wanting. Whatever mental habits are strongly developed in this life will continue in the next life. Most people, however, are reborn as human being.

Q: So we are not determined by our kamma. We can change it.

A: Of course we can. That is why one of the steps on the Noble Eightfold Path is Perfect Effort. If depends on our sincerity, how much energy we exert and how strong the habit is. But it is true that some people simply go through life under the influence of their past habits, without making an effort to change them and falling victim to these unpleasant results. Such people will continue to suffer unless they change their negative habits. The longer the negative habits remain, the more difficult they are to change. The Buddhists understand this and take advantage of each and every opportunity to break mental habits that have unpleasant results and to develop mental habits that have a pleasant result. meditation is one of the techniques used to modify the habit patterns of the mind as does speaking or refraining to speak, acting or refraining to act in certain ways. The whole of the Buddhist life is a training to purify and free the mind. For example, if being patient and kind was a pronounced part of your character in your last life, such tendencies will re-emerge in the present life. If they are strengthened and developed in the present life, they will re-emerge even stronger and more pronounce in the future life. This is based upon the simple and observable fact that long established habits tend to be difficult to break.

Now, when you are patient and kind, it tends to happen that you are not easily ruffled by others, you don't hold grudges, people like you and thus your experiences tends to be happier.

Now, let us take another example. Let us say that you came into life with tendency to be patient and kind due to your mental habits in the past life. But in the present life, you neglect to strengthen and develop such tendencies. They would gradually weaken and die out and perhaps be completely absent in the future life. Patience and kindness being weak in this case, there is a possibility that in either this life or in the next life, a short temper, anger and cruelty could grow and develop, bringing with them all the unpleasant experiences such attitudes create.

We will take one last example. Let us say that due to your mental habits in the last life, you came into the present life with the tendency to be short-tempered and angry, and you realize that such habits only cause you unpleasantness caused by being short tempered and angry. If you are only able to weaken such tendencies, they would re-emerge in the next life where with a bit more effort, they could be eliminated completely and you could be free from their unpleasant effects.

Q: You have talked a lot about rebirth but is there any proof that we are reborn when we die?

A: There are scientific evidence to support the Buddhist belief in rebirth. During the last 30 years, parapsychologists have been studying reports that some people have vivid memories of their former lifes. For example, in England, a 5 year old girl said she could remember her "other mother and father" and she talked vividly about what sounded like the events in the life of another person. Parapsychologists were called in and they asked hundreds of questions to which she gave answers. She spoke of living in a particular village in what appeared to be Spain, she gave the name of the village, the name of the street she lived in, her neighbours' names and details about her everyday life there. She also tearfully spoke of how she had been struck by a car and died of her injuries two days later. When these details were checked, they were found to be accurate. There was a village in Spain with the name the five-year-old-girl had given. There was a house of the type she had described in the street she had named. What is more, it was found that a 23-year old woman living in the house had been killed in a car accident five years before. Now how is it possible for a five-year-old girl living in England and who had never been to Spain to know all these details? And of course, this is not the only case of this type. Proffessor Ian Stevenson of The University of Viurginia's Department of Psychology has described dozens of cases of this type in his books. He is an accredited scientist whose 25 year study of people who remember former lives is very strong evidence for the Buddhist teaching of rebirth.

Q: Some people might say that the so-called ability to remember former lives is the work of devils.

A: You simply cannot dismiss everything that doesn't fit into your belief as being the work of devils. When cold, hard facts are produced to support an idea, you must use rational and logical arguments if you wish to counter them - not irrational and superstitious talk about devils.

Q: You say that talk about rebirth a bit superstitious also?

A: The dictionary defines 'superstitious' as 'a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on an association of ideas, as in magic'. If you can show me a careful study of the existence of devils written by a scientist I will concede that belief in devils is not superstition. But I have never heard of any research into devils; scientists simply wouldn't bother to study such things, so I say there is no evidence for the existence of devils. But as we have just seen, there is evidence which seems to suggest that rebirth does take place. So if belief in rebirth is based on at least some facts, it cannot be a superstition.

* See Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation and Cases of Reincarnation Type, University Press of Virginia, Charlotteville USA 1975.

Q: Well, have there been any scientist who believe in rebirth?

A: Yes. Thomas Huxley, who was responsible for having science introduced into the 19th century British school system and who was the first scientist to defend Darwin's theories, believed that reincarnation was a very plausible idea. In his famous book 'Evolution and Ethics and other Essays', he said:

In the doctrine of transmigration, whatever its

origin, Brahmanical and Buddhist speculation

found, ready to hand, the means of constructing

a plausible vindication of the ways of the Cosmos

to man ... Yet this plea of justification is not

less plausible than others; and none but very

hasty thinkers will reject it on the ground of

inherent absurdity. Like the doctrine of evolution

itself, that of transmigration has its roots in the

world of reality; and it may claim such support

as the great argument from analogy is capable

of supplying.

Then, Professor Gustaf Stromberg, the famous Swedish astromer, physicist and friend of Einstein also found the idea of rebirth appealing.

Opinions differ whether human souls can be

reincarnated on the earth or not. In 1936 a very

interesting case was thoroughly investigated and

reported by the government authorities in India.

A girl (Shanti Devi from Delhi) could accurately

describe her previous life (at Muttra, five

hundred miles from Delhi) which ended about a

year before her "second birth". She gave the

name of her husband and child and described

her home and life history. The investigating

commission brought her to her former relatives, who

verified all her statements. Among the people of

India reincarnations are regarded as commonplace;

the astonishing thing for them in this

case was the great number of facts the girl

remembered. This and similar cases can be

regarded as additional evidence for the theory of

the indestructibility of memory.

Professor Julian Huxley, the distinguished British scientist who was Director General of UNESCO believed that rebirth was quite in harmnoy with scientific thinking.

There is nothing against a permanently surviving

spirit-individuality being in some way given off

at death, as a definite wireless message is given

off by a sending apparatus working in a

particular way. But it must be remembered that the

wireless message only becomes a message again

when it comes in contact with a new, material

structure - the receiver. It ... would never think or feel

unless again 'embodied' in some way. Our

personalities are so based on body that it is really

impossible to think of survival which would be

in any true sense personal without a body of

sorts ... I can think of something being given off

which would bear the same relation to men and

women as a wireless message to the transmitting

apparatus; but in that case 'the dead' would, so

far as one can see, be nothing but disturbances

of different patterns wandering through the

universe until ... they ... came back to actuality of

consciousness by making contact with something

which could work as a receiving apparatus for

mind.

Even very practical and down-to-earth people like the American industrialist Henry Ford found the idea or rebirth acceptable. Ford was attracted to the idea of rebirth because, rebirth gives you a second chance to develop yourself. Henry Ford said:

I adopted the theory of Reincarnation when I

was twenty-six...Religion offered nothing to the

point...Even work could not give me complete

satisfaction. Work is futile if we cannot utilize

the experience we collect in one life in the next.

When I discovered Reincarnation it was as if I

had found a universal plan. I realized that there

was a chance to work out my ideas. Time was

no longer limited. I was no longer a slave to the

hands of the clock...Genius is experience. Some

seem to think that it is a gift or talent, but it is

the fruit of long experience in many lives. Some

are older souls than others, and so they know

more...The discovery of Reincarnation put my

mind at ease...If you preserve a record of this

conversation, write it so that it puts men's minds

at ease. I would like to communicate to others

the calmness that the long view of life gives to us.

So the Buddhist teachings of rebirth does have some scientific evidence to support it. It is logically consistent and it goes a long way to answering questions. But it is also very comforting. According to Buddha, if you failed to attain Nirvana in this life, you will have the opportunity to try again next time. If you have made mistakes in this life, you will be able to correct yourself in the next life. You will truly be able to learn from your mistakes. Things you were unable to do or achieve in this life may well become possible in the next life. What a wonderful teaching!